Generative Semantic Segmentation via an Observable Semantic-Image Interface and Hierarchical Generator Evidence Alignment

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Original abstract

Generative semantic segmentation exposes structured predictions as images, but direct color decoding is susceptible to color drift and boundary mixing, whereas latent-feature decoders that predict a separate output distribution may relegate the rendered image to an intermediate visualization. We present Semantic Prism, a conditional semantic-image generation-and-refinement framework with deterministic inference. A diffusion-distilled one-step generator renders a semantic RGB image; per-pixel distances from the rendered colors to a fixed class-color codebook define an explicit probabilistic interface. Hierarchical Generator Evidence Alignment spatially aligns multi-level generator features and uses a zero-initialized output projection to predict an additive residual in the interface logit space, retaining the image-defined interface as the reference for the final distribution. The interface and refined distributions further enable Contextual Interface--Hierarchy Disagreement (C-IHD), a fixed readout for ranking remaining pixel errors without an auxiliary predictor or additional forward pass. On the 500-image Cityscapes validation set, Semantic Prism achieves 72.07% mean intersection over union, 11.39 mIoU points above direct-interface decoding, with 0.41% expected calibration error. Matched-capacity ablations over three seeds support the benefit of jointly aligned multi-level evidence. A separately trained model attains 62.22% mIoU on BDD100K, while the Cityscapes-trained model reaches 46.89\% mIoU under source-frozen transfer to the Adverse Conditions Dataset with Correspondences, without target-domain adaptation. Across all three datasets, C-IHD consistently improves the area under the precision--recall curve for pixel-error ranking over maximum softmax probability on the same segmentation predictions; on ACDC, it raises AUPR from 0.6580 to 0.7557.

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