From Dependency to Compositionality: A Neurosymbolic Lifting of LLM Outputs via Combinatory Categorial Grammar

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Original abstract

Large language models (LLMs) generate fluent text by incrementally predicting the next token from a prefix. Critics in the generative tradition argue that such systems lack genuine grammar; influential replies from the dependency-grammar perspective hold that LLM behavior is well described by local head-dependent structure built word by word. We argue that a sharper observation has been overlooked: the prefix-driven, type-completing dynamics of autoregressive generation align closely with the incremental processing model that Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) was originally designed to support. On this basis we propose a neurosymbolic framework in which LLM outputs are lifted into typed compositional derivations -- not claiming that LLMs implement CCG internally, but that their outputs admit a principled, incremental, and auditable CCG reconstruction. Two consequences follow. First, through the Curry-Howard correspondence the lifting extends beyond natural language to the formal languages LLMs also produce -- programming languages such as Solidity, description-logic and query languages such as OWL and SQL -- with the type system varying and the architecture held fixed. Second, the lifting supports two layers of checking: a compositional layer that catches structural failures directly, and a content layer that checks the lifted structure against external knowledge sources, enabling the earliest possible flagging of hallucinated content. The account thereby requires of a producer not cognition but a prefix-driven generative profile. We close with a sketch of synchronous LLM-CCG coupling as one direction the framework opens.

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• Official / arXiv page
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